Open Babel has out-of-bounds read in PQS lowerit (pre-buffer read)

Description

### Summary A memory-safety vulnerability in Open Babel's PQS parser caused an out-of-bounds (pre-buffer) read when reading a crafted input file. ### Details The flaw was in the `lowerit` helper used by the PQS parser. A malformed input caused the helper to read one or more bytes before the start of its input buffer. ### Impact Open Babel is a C++ library and CLI used to read and write chemistry file formats; it is shipped by Linux distributions and embedded in services that may parse untrusted input. Triggering this vulnerability requires the victim to open a malicious PQS file with the `obabel` tool, the `OBConversion` API, or any of the language bindings (Python, Ruby, Java, R, Perl, C#, PHP). ### Affected versions All releases up to and including 3.1.1. ### Patched version 3.2.0 (released 2026-05-26). ### Patch Fix commit: https://github.com/openbabel/openbabel/commit/f4a5ebae Fixes consolidated in #2913. A minimized reproducer for this CVE is checked in under `test/files/fuzz_regress/` and is exercised on every CI build under ASAN+UBSAN by the `fuzzregresstest` harness. ### Credit Reported via OSS-Fuzz.

Affected Packages (1)